Tag: Microwave

ITU-R P.530 RECOMMENDATION

1. Description

The ITU-R Recommendation P.530, “Propagation data and prediction methods required for the design of terrestrial line-of-sight systems” provides a number of propagation models useful for the evaluation of propagation effects in microwave radiocommunications systems.

This Recommendation provides prediction methods for the propagation effects that should be taken into account in the design of digital fixed line-of-sight links, both in clear-air and rainfall conditions. It also provides link design guidance in clear step-by-step procedures including the use of mitigation techniques to minimize propagation impairments. The final outage predicted is the base for other ITU-R Recommendations addressing error performance and availability.

Different propagation mechanisms, with a variety of effects on the radio links, are addressed in the Recommendation. The ranges of application of the prediction methods are not always coincident.

A brief description of the implemented prediction methods is given in the following sections.

2. Fading due to multipath and related mechanisms

Fading is the most important mechanism that affects the performance of digital radio links. Multipath in the troposphere can cause deep fades, especially in longer paths or at higher frequencies. The prediction method for all percentages of time is graphically illustrated in figure 1.

For small percentages of time, fading follows a Rayleigh distribution, with an asymptotic variation of 10 dB per probability decade. This can be predicted by the following expression:

	(1)
	(2)
	(3)

• K : geoclimatic factor
• dN₁ : point refractivity gradient in the lowest 65 m of the atmosphere not exceeded for 1% of an average year
• s_a : area terrain roughness, defined as the standard deviation of terrain heights (m) within a 110 km x 110 km area with a 30 s resolution
• d : Link path distance (km)
• f : Link frequency (GHz)
• h_L : altitude of the lower antenna above sea level (m)
• |ε_p| : absolute value of the path inclination (mrad)
• p₀ : multipath occurrence factor
• p_w : percentage of time fade depth A is exceeded in average worst month

Figure 1: Percentage of time, p_w, fade depth, A, exceeded in average worst month, with p₀ ranging from 0.01 to 1 000

If A is made equal to the receiver margin, the probability of link outage due to multipath propagation is equal to p_w /100. For a link with n hops, the probability of outage P_T takes into account the possibility of a small correlation between fades in consecutive hops.

(4)

In (4), , for most practical cases. P_i is the outage probability predicted for the i-th hop, and di its distance. C = 1 if A exceeds 40 km or the sum of the distances exceeds 120 km.

3. Attenuation due to hydrometeors

Rain can cause very deep fades, particularly at higher frequencies. The Rec. P. 530 includes the following simple technique that may be used for estimating the long-term statistics of rain attenuation:

Step 1:  Obtain the rain rate R_0.01 exceeded for 0.01% of the time (with an integration time of 1 min).

Step 2:  Compute the specific attenuation, γ_R (dB/km) for the frequency, polarization and rain rate of interest using Recommendation ITU-R P.838.

Step 3:  Compute the effective path length, d_eff, of the link by multiplying the actual path length d by a distance factor r. An estimate of this factor is given by:

(5)

where, for R_0.01 ≤ 100 mm/h:

(6)

For R_0.01 > 100 mm/h, use the value 100 mm/h in place of R_0.01.

Step 4:  An estimate of the path attenuation exceeded for 0.01% of the time is given by:

A0.01 = γR deff = γR d

(7)

Step 5:  For radio links located in latitudes equal to or greater than 30° (North or South), the attenuation exceeded for other percentages of time p in the range 0.001% to 1% may be deduced from the following power law:

(8)

Step 6:  For radio links located at latitudes below 30° (North or South), the attenuation exceeded for other percentages of time p in the range 0.001% to 1% may be deduced from the following power law.

(9)

The formulas (8) and (9) are valid within the range 0.001% – 1%.

For high latitudes or high link altitudes, higher values of attenuation may be exceeded for time percentage p due to the effect of melting ice particles or wet snow in the melting layer. The incidence of this effect is determined by the height of the link in relation to the rain height, which varies with geographic location. A detailed procedure is included in the Recommendation [1].

The probability of outage due to rain is calculated as p / 100, where p is the percentage of time rain attenuation exceeds the link margin.

4. Reduction of cross-polar discrimination (XPD)

The XPD can deteriorate sufficiently to cause co‑channel interference and, to a lesser extent, adjacent channel interference. The reduction in XPD that occurs during both clear-air and precipitation conditions must be taken into account.

The combined effect of multipath propagation and the cross-polarization patterns of the antennas governs the reductions in XPD occurring for small percentages of time in clear-air conditions. To compute the effect of these reductions in link performance a detailed step-by-step procedure is presented in the Recommendation [1].

The XPD can also be degraded by the presence of intense rain. For paths on which more detailed predictions or measurements are not available, a rough estimate of the unconditional distribution of XPD can be obtained from a cumulative distribution of the co-polar attenuation (CPA) for rain (see section 3) using the equi-probability relation:

(10)

The coefficients U and V(f) are in general dependent on a number of variables and empirical parameters, including frequency, f. For line-of-sight paths with small elevation angles and horizontal or vertical polarization, these coefficients may be approximated by:

(11)

(12)

An average value of U₀ of about 15 dB, with a lower bound of 9 dB for all measurements, has been obtained for attenuations greater than 15 dB.

A step-by-step procedure is given to calculate the outage due to XPD reduction in the presence of rain.

5. Distortion due to propagation effects

The primary cause of distortion on line-of-sight links in the UHF and SHF bands is the frequency dependence of amplitude and group delay during clear-air multipath conditions.

The propagation channel is most often modeled by assuming that the signal follows several paths, or rays, from the transmitter to the receiver. Performance prediction methods make use of such a multi-ray model by integrating the various variables such as delay (time difference between the first arrived ray and the others) and amplitude distributions along with a proper model of equipment elements such as modulators, equalizer, forward‑error correction (FEC) schemes, etc.. The method recommended in [1] for predicting error performance is a signature method.

The outage probability is here defined as the probability that BER is larger than a given threshold.

Step 1:  Calculate the mean time delay from:

(13)

where d is the path length (km).

Step 2:  Calculate the multipath activity parameter η as:

(14)

Step 3:  Calculate the selective outage probability from:

(15)

where:

• W_x : signature width (GHz)
• B_x : signature depth (dB)
• τ_r,x : the reference delay (ns) used to obtain the signature, with x denoting either minimum phase (M) or non-minimum phase (NM) fades.

If only the normalized system parameter K_n is available, the selective outage probability in equation (15) can be calculated by:

(16)

where:

• T : system baud period (ns)
• K_n,x : the normalized system parameter, with x denoting either minimum phase (M) or non-minimum phase (NM) fades.

6. Diversity techniques

There are a number of techniques available for alleviating the effects of flat and selective fading, most of which alleviate both at the same time. The same techniques often alleviate the reductions in cross-polarization discrimination also.

Diversity techniques include space, angle and frequency diversity. Space diversity helps to combat flat fading (such as caused by beam spreading loss, or by atmospheric multipath with short relative delay) as well as frequency selective fading, whereas frequency diversity only helps to combat frequency selective fading (such as caused by surface multipath and/or atmospheric multipath).

Whenever space diversity is used, angle diversity should also be employed by tilting the antennas at different upward angles. Angle diversity can be used in situations in which adequate space diversity is not possible or to reduce tower heights.

The degree of improvement afforded by all of these techniques depends on the extent to which the signals in the diversity branches of the system are uncorrelated.

The diversity improvement factor, I, for fade depth, A, is defined by:

I = p(A) / pd(A)

(17)

where p_d(A) is the percentage of time in the combined diversity signal branch with fade depth larger than A and p(A) is the percentage for the unprotected path. The diversity improvement factor for digital systems is defined by the ratio of the exceedance times for a given BER with and without diversity.

The improvement due to the following diversity techniques can be calculated:

• Space diversity.
• Frequency diversity.
• Angle diversity.
• Space and frequency diversity (two receivers)
• Space and frequency diversity (four receivers)

The detailed calculations can be found in [1].

7. Prediction of total outage

The total outage probability due to clear-air effects is calculated as:

(18)

• P_ns : Outage probability due to non-selective clear-air fading (Section 2).
• P_s : Outage probability due to selective fading (Section 5)
  P_XP : Outage probability due XPD degradation in clear-air (Section 4).
• P_d : Outage probability for a protected system (Section 6).

The total outage probability due to rain is calculated from taking the larger of P_rain and P_XPR.

• P_rain : Outage probability due to rain fading (Section 3).
• P_XPR : Outage probability due XPD degradation associated to rain (Section 4).

The outage due to clear-air effects is apportioned mostly to performance and the outage due to precipitation, predominantly to availability.

8. References

[1] ITU-R Recommendation P.530-13, “Propagation data and prediction methods required for the design of terrestrial line-of-sight systems”, ITU, Geneva, Switzerland, 2009.

 

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